Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitides (ADEM) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. Encephalomyelitis refers to the inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and the spinal cord (myelitis). The term "acute disseminated" signifies that the inflammation is spread throughout multiple areas of the central nervous system.
ADEM primarily affects the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, which is responsible for transmitting nerve signals. The inflammation occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, a protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers. This leads to disruption in the normal functioning of nerves, resulting in symptoms such as headache, fever, fatigue, loss of coordination, muscle weakness, and altered mental status.
ADEM can occur at any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents, often following an infection or vaccination. The exact cause of ADEM is still unknown, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder triggered by an abnormal immune response.
Diagnosis of ADEM involves a thorough neurological examination, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment typically involves high-dose corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Other medications may be used to manage specific symptoms or complications.
Prognosis for ADEM varies depending on the severity and extent of inflammation. Most individuals recover from ADEM with proper treatment, although some may experience residual neurological deficits. Close monitoring and supportive care are essential for optimal outcomes in individuals with ADEM.
