Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by inflammation and damage to the peripheral nerves, specifically the myelin sheath which surrounds and protects the nerve fibers.
The term "acute" refers to the sudden and rapid development of symptoms, while "inflammatory" indicates the involvement of inflammation within the affected nerves. "Demyelinating" describes the primary pathology of the disease, where the myelin sheath is damaged or destroyed. "Polyradiculoneuropathy" denotes the involvement of multiple nerve roots and peripheral nerves.
AIDP is classified as an autoimmune condition, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly targets and attacks its own peripheral nerves, leading to inflammation and subsequent myelin destruction. This immune response can often follow an infection, such as a respiratory or gastrointestinal illness, suggesting an association between AIDP and preceding viral or bacterial infections.
The clinical manifestations of AIDP typically include muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and loss of reflexes. These symptoms usually begin in the legs and may progress upwards, affecting the arms, cranial nerves, and respiratory muscles. In severe cases, AIDP can lead to significant muscle weakness and paralysis.
Treatment for AIDP primarily involves supportive care and management of symptoms. This may include physical therapy to help maintain muscle strength and prevent muscle atrophy. Immune therapies, such as intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange, are also commonly used to modulate the immune response and reduce inflammation. With appropriate treatment and supportive care, the majority of individuals with AIDP eventually experience significant recovery and regain their baseline neurological function over time.
