Renal calculi, also commonly referred to as kidney stones, are small, hard deposits that form in the kidneys. These deposits are made up of minerals and salts, primarily calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite. Renal calculi can range in size from a grain of sand or a pebble to larger, golf ball-sized stones.
Kidney stones develop when there is an imbalance in the substances present in urine that promote either stone formation or prevention. Factors that contribute to the formation of renal calculi include dehydration, high levels of calcium, oxalate or uric acid in the urine, certain medical conditions such as gout or urinary tract infections, and certain dietary habits like consuming excess salt or animal protein.
The symptoms of renal calculi may vary depending on the size and location of the stone. Common signs and symptoms include severe pain in the back, side or lower abdomen, blood in the urine, frequent urination, urgency to urinate, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine. In some cases, renal calculi may cause blockages in the urinary tract, leading to life-threatening complications if left untreated.
Treatment options for renal calculi depend on the size and location of the stones. Small stones usually pass naturally through the urinary tract without medical intervention. Drinking plenty of water, taking pain medications, and using certain medications to help dissolve the stones may be recommended. For larger stones, procedures like shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or surgical removal may be necessary.
In conclusion, renal calculi, or kidney stones, are hard deposits that form in the kidneys due to an imbalance in urinary substances. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent complications and provide relief to individuals affected by this condition.
